And cinnamon, and odors, and ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men.
13. and cinnamon ] Add “and amomum,” a precious oriental ointment. The word was accidentally omitted by copyists, from its likeness to the latter part of the preceding one.
and horses ] Lit., of horses, the genitive dependent on “merchandise” is resumed.
chariots ] Not war-chariots like those mentioned in the O. T., but luxurious carriages.
slaves ] Comparing Eze 27:14, perhaps we are to understand grooms or coachmen, attached to the horses and chariots. The word means literally bodies, but the sense “slaves” was recognised in Greek, though not strictly classical.
souls of men ] Eze 27:13. As “horses and chariots and bodies” are genitives, and “souls” accusative, we can hardly connect the last two words, “bodies and souls of men.” But while we never find in the Bible an Englishman’s horror of slavery as an institution, we are no doubt to understand that St John perhaps even that Ezekiel felt it to be cruel and unnatural to regard human beings as mere merchandise.
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
And cinnamon – Cinnamon is the aromatic bark of the Laurus Cinnamomam, which grows in Arabia, India, and especially in the island of Ceylon. It was formerly, as it is now, a valuable article in the Oriental trade.
And odours – Aromatics employed in religious worship, and for making perfumes. Mr. Gibbon (vol. i. p. 34) mentions, among the articles of commerce and luxury, in the age of the Antonines, a variety of aromatics that were consumed in religious worship and the pomp of funerals. It is unnecessary to say that the use of such odors has been always common at Rome.
And ointments – Unguents – as spikenard, etc. These were in common use among the ancients. See the Mat 14:7 note; Mar 14:3 note.
And frankincense – See the notes on Mat 2:11. It is unnecessary to say that incense has been always much used in public worship in Rome, and that it has been, therefore, a valuable article of commerce there.
And wine – An article of commerce and luxury in all ages.
And oil – That is, olive oil. This, in ancient times, and in Oriental countries particularly, was an important article of commerce.
And fine flour – The word here means the best and finest kind of flour.
And beasts, and sheep, and horses – Also important articles of merchandise.
And chariots – The word used here – redon – means, properly a carriage with four wheels, or a carriage drawn by mules (Prof. Stuart). It was properly a traveling carriage. The word is of Gallic origin (Quinctil. 1:9; Cic. Mil. 10; Att. v. 17; 6:1. See Adams Rom. Ant. p. 525). It was an article of luxury.
And slaves – The Greek here is somaton – of bodies. Prof. Stuart renders it grooms, and supposes that it refers to a particular kind of slaves who were employed in taking care of horses and carriages. The word properly denotes body – an animal body – whether of the human body, living or dead, or the body of a beast; and then the external man – the person, the individual. In later usage, it comes to denote a slave (see Robinson, Lexicon), and in this sense it is used here. The traffic in slaves was common in ancient times, as it is now. We know that this traffic was carried on to a large extent in ancient Rome, the city which John probably had in his eye in this description. See Gibbon, Dec. and Fall, vol. 1, pp. 25, 26. Athenaeus, as quoted by Mr. Gibbon (p. 26), says that he knew very many Romans who possessed, not for use, but for ostentation, ten, and even twenty thousand slaves. It should be said here, however, that although this refers evidently to traffic in slaves, it is not necessary to suppose that it would be literally characteristic of papal Rome. All this is symbolical, designed to exhibit the papacy under the image of a great city, with what was customary in such a city, or with what most naturally presented itself to the imagination of John as found in such a city; and it is no more necessary to suppose that the papacy would be engaged in the traffic of slaves, than in the traffic of cinnamon, or fine flour, or sheep and horses.
And souls of men – The word used and rendered souls – psuchas – though commonly denoting the soul (properly the breath or vital principle), is also employed to denote the living thing – the animal – in which the soul or vital principle resides; and hence may denote a person or a man. Under this form it is used to denote a servant or slave. See Robinson, Lexicon. Prof. Robinson supposes that the word here means female slaves, in distinction from those designated by the previous word. Prof. Stuart (in loco) supposes that the previous word denotes a particular kind of slaves – those who had the care of horses – and that the word here is used in a generic sense, denoting slaves in general. This kind of traffic in the persons or souls of people is mentioned as characterizing ancient Tyre, in Eze 27:13; Javan, Tubal, and Meshech, they were thy merchants; they traded in the persons of men. It is not quite clear why, in the passage before us, this traffic is mentioned in two forms, as that of the bodies and the souls of people but it would seem most probable that the writer meant to designate all that would properly come under this traffic, whether male or female slaves were bought and sold; whether they were for servitude, or for the gladiatorial sports (see Wetstein, in loco); whatever might be the kind of servitude that they might be employed in, and whatever might be their condition in life. The use of the two words would include all that is implied in the traffic, for, in most important senses, it extends to the body and the soul. In slavery both are purchased; both are supposed, so far as he can avail himself of them, to become the property of the master.
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible
Verse 13. And cinnamon] “By the sinamon is ment all maner of costly spyces, wherewith they bury their byshops and founders, lest they shoulde stinke when they translate them agayne to make them saintes for advauntage.
“By the smellynge odours, the swete herbes that they strewe abrode at theyr dedications and burials; besydes the damaske waters, bawmes, muskes, pomaunder, civet, and other curious confections they yet bestow upon theyr owne precious bodyes.
“The oyntments are such oyles as they mingle with rose water, aloes, and spike, with other mery conceits, wherwith they anoynt their holy savours and roods, to make them to sweat, and to smell sweete when they are borne abrod in procession upon their high feastfull dayes.
“Frankinsence occupye they ofte as a necessarie thinge in the sensyng of their idols, hallowinge of their paschal, conjuringe of their ploughes; besydes the blessing of their palmes, candles, ashes, and their dead men’s graves, with requiescant in pace.
“With wine synge they theyr masses for money, they housell the people at Easter, they wash their aultar stones upon Maundy Thursday; they fast the holy imber dayes, besydes other banketinges all the whole years, to kepe theyr flesh chaste.
“With oyle smere they yonge infantes at baptisme and bishopping; they grease their massmongers, and gere them the mark of madian; they anele their cattell that starveth; and do many other feates els.
“Fyne floure is suche a merchandyse of theirs as far excedeth all other, and was first geven them by Pope Alexander the first, thinkinge Christes institution not sufficient, nor comly in using the common breade in that ministerie. For that ware hath brought them in their plentifull possessions, their lordshippes, fatte benifices, and prebendaries, with innumerable plesures els.
“Wheat have thei of their farms, whereof they make pardon bread and cakes, to draw people to devocion towardes them.
“Cattell receive they, offered unto their idols by the idiots of the countries, for recover of sondrye diseases; besides that they have of their tithes.
“Shepe have they, sometime of their owne pastures, sometime of begginge, sometime of bequestes for the dead, to cry them out of their feareful purgatorye, when they be asleepe at midnight.
“Great horses have they, for mortuaries, for offices, for favers, giftes, and rewardes, to be good lords unto them, that they may holde still their farmes, and to have saunder waspe their sonne and their heire a priest; or to admitte him unto a manerly benefice, that he may be called ‘maister person,’ and suche lyke.
“Charets have they also, or horse litters, of al manner of sorts, specially at Rome, with foote men runninge on both sides of them, to make roome for the holy fathers. Of whom some carye their owne precious bodyes, some theyr treasure, some the blessed sacramente, some holy reliques and ornamentes, some their whores, and some their bastardes. The bodyes of men must needes be judged to be at their pleasure, so long as Christen provinces be tributaries unto them, princes obediente, people subject, and their lawes at their commaundement to slea and to kyll. And to make this good, who hath not in England payd his Peter peny, sometime to acknowledge hymselfe a bondman of theirs, at the receit of his yerely howsell? Furthermore yet, besides their market muster of monkes, fryars, and priestes, they have certayne bondmen, of whom some they sell to the Venicians, some to the Genues, some to the Portingales, and some to the Turks, to row in their galleis. And laste of all, to make up their market, least any thing should escape theyr hands, these unmercifull bribers maketh marchaundise of the soules of men, to deprive Christe of his whole right, sending many unto hell, but not one unto heaven, (unlesse they maliciously murther them for the truths sake,) and all for mony. After many other sortes els, abuse they these good creatures of God, whom the Holy Ghost heere nameth. Much were it to shew here by the cronicles severally of what Pope they have received authorytie, power, and charge, to utter these wares to advauntage, and how they came firste by the old idolatrous.”
Several of the most reputable MSS. versions, and some of the fathers, after cinnamon, add , and amomum. What this shrub was is not easy to say, though mentioned and partially described by Pliny and Dioscorides. Some think it was a species of geranium; others, the rose of Jericho. It was an odoriferous plant supposed to be a native of Assyria; and is thus mentioned by Virgil, Eclog. iv., ver. 25:-
_________ Assyrium vulgo nascetur amomum.
“The Assyrian amomum shall grow in every soil.” This is translated by some spikenard; by others lady’s rose.
Thyine wood] The Thyne or Thyin is said to be a tree whose boughs, leaves, stalks, and fruit, resemble the cypress. It is mentioned by Homer, Odyss, lib. v., ver. 60; by Theophrastes, Hist. Plant, v. 5; and by Pliny, Hist. Nat. lib. xiii. c. 16. How much the different articles mentioned in the 12th and 13th verses were in request among the ancients, and how highly valued, every scholar knows.
Slaves] The bodies of men; probably distinguished here from , souls of men, to express bondmen and freemen.
Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible
13. cinnamondesigned by Godfor better purposes: being an ingredient in the holy anointing oil,and a plant in the garden of the Beloved (So4:14); but desecrated to vile uses by the adulteress (Pr7:17).
odoursof incense. A,C, Vulgate, and Syriac prefix “and amomium”(a precious hair ointment made from an Asiatic shrub). EnglishVersion reading is supported by Coptic and ANDREAS,but not oldest manuscripts.
ointmentsGreek,“ointment.”
frankincenseContrastthe true “incense” which God loves (Psa 141:2;Mal 1:11).
fine flourthe similagoof the Latins [ALFORD].
beastsof burden:cattle.
slavesGreek,“bodies.”
souls of men (Eze27:13). Said of slaves. Appropriate to the spiritualharlot, apostate Christendom, especially Rome, which has so oftenenslaved both bodies and souls of men. Thoughthe New Testament does not directly forbid slavery, which would, inthe then state of the world, have incited a slave revolt, itvirtually condemns it, as here. Popery has derived its greatest gainsfrom the sale of masses for the souls of men after death, andof indulgences purchased from the Papal chancery by rich merchants invarious countries, to be retailed at a profit [MOSHEIM,III, 95, 96].
Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
And cinnamon, and odours, and ointments, and frankincense,…. Things for delight and pleasure, for the gratifying of the senses; cinnamon, and odours were used for perfuming, Pr 7:17 anointing with oil was used at feasts, Ps 23:5 and “frankincense”, or censings, at banquets, and for the regaling of persons after food k: these customs obtained among the eastern people. Tyre had its merchants for these things, Eze 27:19 and Mr. Brightman thinks Italy is Rome’s merchant in these, which it fetches from Greece, Arabia, and Egypt; it may be these rather respect the ecclesiastical use of them; “cinnamon, odours”, and “frankincense”, may signify the perfumings and censings used in churches, or the burning incense in imitation of the sweet incense under the law; and “ointments” may denote their chrism, or anointing with oil at baptism, imagining that Christ was anointed with material oil at his baptism, whereas it was with the Holy Ghost: moreover, these things may be mystically understood, “cinnamon” being used by harlots in perfuming their bed, Pr 7:17 may intend the stews and brothel houses erected at Rome, and licensed by authority, each whore paying so much per week; the revenues of which would sometimes yearly amount to twenty thousand ducats: “ointments” may be understood of chrism in baptism, and extreme unction at death: “odours” and “frankincense” may mean their prayers and pater nosters, their prayers for the dead, which were never made without the pence; hence that proverbial expression, no pence, no pater noster.
And wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep: things for civil use; these are things which belong to food, to eating and drinking, and are the most material and necessary things of life, Ps 4:7. Tyre had her merchants for these, Eze 27:17 and Mr. Brightman will have Italy to be Rome’s merchant for wine and oil; Sardinia and Sicily her merchants for fine flour and wheat; Germany for beasts, and England for sheep: and with respect to the ecclesiastical use of these things, wine is for the chalice, used in daily Masses, and drank only by the priests; “oil” for chrism at baptism, and for the extreme unction: “fine flour” for the Mass, or to make their breaden god of; and “wheat, beasts, and sheep” for tithes for the clergy:
and horses, and chariots, and slaves; things for splendour, equipage, and attendance; horses and chariots for the popes, cardinals, archbishops, and bishops, to ride in state and grandeur, and slaves to wait upon them. Tyre had her merchants for these
Eze 27:14 and Mr. Brightman’s opinion is, that the French are Rome’s merchants for horses and chariots, and the Swiss for slaves, or “bodies”, as the word may be rendered, who live by exercising their bodies, and hiring them out in war; and who are many of them the guards of the person of the pope of Rome: and last of all it is added,
and souls of men; still in allusion to the merchandise of Tyre, some of whose merchants are said to trade in the persons of men, Eze 27:13 which the Targum and Septuagint render, in the souls of men; the popes have some of them sold their own souls to the devil, to get into the chair, and, when in, have been the means of destroying of thousands of others; they assume a power over the souls of men, of binding and loosing the consciences of men, imposing new laws upon them, and freeing them from obligation to the laws of God and men, to the ruin of their souls; and it has been said by their sycophants, that if the pope should send thousands of men to hell, no one should say to him, what dost thou? The Romish priests pretend to redeem souls out of purgatory for such a sum of money, and sell pardons and indulgences, say Mass, and promise heaven itself for money; and this they get at the expense of men’s souls, by their false doctrine and superstitious worship, and so make merchandise of them, as is said of the false teachers, 2Pe 2:3 moreover, as by “slaves”, or bodies, in the preceding clause, are meant such who serve with their bodies, either by way of attendance, or in unnatural lust; so by “souls” of men may be meant men of soul, of great natural wit and understanding, of great parts, abilities, and learning, with which they serve the man of sin, and his interest, such as Bellarmine, and others.
k Misn. Beracot, c. 6. sect. 6.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
Cinnamon (). Old word transliterated into English, here only in N.T. Of Phoenician origin (Herodotus) as to name and possibly from South China.
Spice (). A fragrant plant of India, , for perfume.
Incense (). See Rev 5:8; Rev 8:3.
Ointment (). See Mt 26:7.
Frankincense (). See 8:3.
Fine flour (). Old word for finest wheaten flour, here only in N.T.
Of horses (). Here then is a return to the construction of the genitive after in verse 12, though not used here, an anomalous genitive construction (Charles).
Of chariots (). A Gallic word for a vehicle with four wheels, here only in N.T.
Of slaves (). “Of bodies,” treated as animals or implements, like the horses and the chariots (cf. rickshaw men in China). This use of for slave occurs in Ge 34:29; Tob 10:11 ( , slaves and cattle); II Macc. 8:11.
Souls of men ( ). Deissmann (Bible Studies, p. 160) finds this use of for slave in the Egyptian Delta. Return to the accusative . From Num 31:35; 1Chr 5:21; Ezek 27:13. This addition is an explanation of the use of for slaves, “human live stock” (Swete), but slaves all the same. Perhaps here should be rendered “even,” not “and”: “bodies even souls of men.” The slave merchant was called (body merchant).
Fuente: Robertson’s Word Pictures in the New Testament
Cinnamon [] . Mentioned as one of the ingredients of the holy oil for anointing (Exo 30:23), and as a perfume for the bed (Pro 7:17).
And spice [ ] . These words are added by the best texts. A fragrant Indian plant, with seed in grape – like clusters, from which ointment was made. Preparations for the hair were made from it. Virgil, describing the coming golden age, says : “The Assyrian amomum shall spring up as a common plant” (” Eclogue “4, 25; Compare” Eclogue ” 3, 89). Forbiger (Virgil) says that the best was raised in Armenia, a poorer quality in Media and Pontus.
Fine flour [] . Only here in the New Testament.
Cattle [] . See on Luk 10:34.
Merchandise of horses. Merchandise is not in the text. It resumes the construction of gomon merchandise with the genitive in ver. 12.
Chariots [] . A Latin word though of Gallic origin, rheda. It had four wheels.
Fuente: Vincent’s Word Studies in the New Testament
1) “And cinnamon, and odours, and ointments,” (kai kinnamomon) “and cinnamon,” (kai amomon kai thumaimata) “and spice and incenses (odors),” (kai muron) “and ointment,” (4) Fourthly, described as costly perfumes, used in anointing, Pro 7:17.
2) “And frankincense, and wine, and oil,” (kai libanon kai oinon kai elaion) “And also frankincense, wine, and oil,” (5) Costly foods is fifthly described.
3) “And fine flour, and wheat,” (kai semidalin kai siton) “And fine meal and corn,”
4) “And beasts and sheep,”(kai ktene kai probata) “And beasts of burden and sheep; (6) Costly beasts of burden and bodies and souls of men are described sixth, Eze 27:13.
5) “And horses, and chariots,” (kai hippon kai hredon) “And of horses and or carriages.”
6) “And slaves, and souls of men,” (kai somaton, kai psuchas anthropon) “And of bodies and souls of men, Eze 27:13; Joe 3:3. Note that the list included Rev 18:12-13 begins with gold and ends with merchandising the souls of men – – when a boy was sold for a prostitute, and a girl for a glass of wine. Yet, our Master warned that a man’s life or a nation’s did not “consist” or “stay glued together” by the abundance of things he possesses – -possessing all and losing one’s soul is merchandising, as a fool Luk 12:15; Luk 12:20-21; Mar 8:36-37.
Fuente: Garner-Howes Baptist Commentary
13. Cinnamon odours ointments, and frankincense The most refined perfumeries.
Wine oil fine flour wheat Luxuries of drink and food.
Beasts Of burden.
Sheep horses chariots slaves Or, as Stuart well renders, grooms. Mostly the means of conveyance.
And souls of men The phrase in Eze 27:13, rendered in our translation “persons of men,” is literally, in the Hebrew, “souls of men,” who, as being then “traded,” were clearly slaves. The same phrase is used by St. Paul, (Rom 2:9,) “every soul of man,” in an elevated sense; and it is here used with an aggravating and condemnatory emphasis.
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
13 And cinnamon, and odours, and ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men.
Ver. 13. And cinnamon ] Galen writes that in his time cinnamon was very rare, and hard to be found, except in the storehouses of great princes. And Pliny reports, that a pound of cinnamon was worth 1000 denarii, that is, 150 crowns of our money.
And chariots ] Or sedans, a as we call them.
And slaves ] Gr. , bodies, so slaves are called, because their master’s commands reach only to their bodies, and not to their souls.
And the souls of men ] Tecelius, the pope’s pardon monger, persuaded the people in Germany, that whosoever would give ten shillings should at his pleasure deliver one soul out of the pains of purgatory; and as soon as the money rang in the basin, that soul was set at liberty. But if it were one jot less than ten shillings, it would profit them nothing. This gainful gullery Luther decried with all his might, and so marred the market. This gave occasion to that saying of Erasmus, whom when the Elector of Saxony asked, why Luther was so generally hated? He answered, For two faults especially; he hath been too busy with the pope’s crown and the monks’ paunches. (Scultet. Annal. dec. i.)
a A closed vehicle to seat one person, borne on two poles by two bearers, one in front and one behind. In fashionable use during the 17th, 18th, and early 19th cent. D
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
Rev 18:13 . “Cinnamon,” an aromatic spice (the inner bark of the tree) exported from E. Asia and S. China; , aromatic balsam for the hair, made from the seeds of some Fastern shrub (Verg. Ecl. iv. 25, “assyrium uolgo nascetur amomum; from Harran, Jos. Ant. xx. 2, 2) for the form, cf. Levy’s die Semit. Fremdwrter im Griech. (1895), p. 37; , “incense,” in its ingredients of aromatic spices; = “frankincense,” a fragrant gum-resin exported from S. Arabia (Isa 60:6 , Jer 6:20 ); enormous quantities of perfume were employed by the Romans, chiefly in the care of the body, but also to mix with wine at their banquets ( e.g. , Juv. vi. 303, etc.; E. Bi. 5320); = “fine flour,” wheaten meal (LXX for , cf. Deu 32:14 ; Psa 81:16 ) of the choicest kind; wine, flour, and incense were all used in sacrifices. , a Gallic word = four-wheeled “carriages” used by the well-to-do ( cf. Jerome on Isa 66 ). = “slaves” (later Greek, dropping the qualifying adj. or , cf. Deissm. 160, Dittenberger’s Sylloge , 2 845, etc.). (reverting awkwardly to accus.) = “and souls of men” (from Eze 27:13 , “they traded the persons of men for thy merchandise”: , LXX, cf. 1Ch 5:21 ). The double expression is strange. If is not to be taken as “even,” identifying both, we must suppose that some distinction is intended, and that of the two is the more specific. Prostitutes, or female slaves, or gladiators, or even grooms and drivers ( , Eze 27:14 ) have been more or less convincingly suggested as its meaning. Slave-dealing (Friedlnder, iii. 87 f.; Dobschtz, 266 269) was a lucrative trade under the empire, with Delos as its centre, and Asiatic youths especially were in large demand as pages, musicians, and court-attendants. Thousands of captives, after the siege of Jerusalem, were sent into slavery by the Roman government; and early Christians at this period (Clem. Rom. lv.) voluntarily went into slavery either as substitutes for others or “that with the price got for themselves they might furnish others with food”.
Fuente: The Expositors Greek Testament by Robertson
beasts = cattle.
chariots. Greek. rheda. Only here. Gallic word for a four-wheeled coach or vehicle, a sign of luxury.
slaves. Literally bodies. Greek. soma. By Figure of speech Metonymy (App-6) for “slaves”. See Gen 36:6 (Septuagint)
souls of men = men. A Hebraism for “persons of men”, or simply “men”. See (Septuagint) Num 31:35. 1Ch 5:21. Eze 27:13.
souls. App-110and App-170
men. App-123. Figure of speech Polysyndeton in verses: Rev 18:12, Rev 18:13.
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
Rev 18:13. , amomum) A kind of shrub, the wood of which affords a sweet odour. [This reading is not to be omitted. Amomum is pleasing to the people of Italy.[202]-Not. Crit.]- , , and beasts of burden, and sheep) These kinds differ, as and among the Hebrews. Thus , Jeremiah 31 (Gr. 38) 12, . One of the LXX., or, as the Talmudical treatise respecting the scribes teaches, according to the number or the books of Moses, one of the five, translators has plainly expressed the passage of Gen 46:34, , – .-) Vulg. rhedarum. , LXX., , which noun is found also, ch. Rev 11:9. is rendered by LXX. often, . But is to be found in no writer, who wrote in Greek before John. Nor does the particular object itself appear to have been known to the Greeks: for different nations delight in different forms of vehicles. Neither is rheda, or, according to Isidore, reda, a Greek word, as Andreas of Csareia sufficiently teaches on this passage, explaining , for the sake of the Greeks, by , as Theophylact does , by , Mat 27:65. Nor did rheda sound with less novelty among the Greeks, than that word would sound in the Latin language. It is owing to this that the Greek copyists wrote in this place with such variations.[203] The modern Greek version, . Many Gallic words prevailed, as rheda, which Cicero uses, says Quintil. l. i. c. 5; but Isidore: the reda is a kind of four-wheeled carriage; these the ancients called ret, because they had rot [wheels]: l. xx. 12. The Arabian version, better acquainted with Greek than with Latin, substituted of mules and camels. The word thus introduced into the Latin state, and therefore become Latin, is not without design used in this passage. This stricture indeed attacks Rome, and the luxury which is peculiar to Rome. Jerome on Isaiah 66 : With Gallic waggon, and war-chariots, and horses of Cappadocia and Spain; and carriages of Italy [REDIS ITALI], etc. On the Hebrews, meant by the use of Hebrew words, comp. note on ch. Rev 7:4.- , ) The Greeks often say instead of slaves: Tob 10:10 (11), : and thus LXX., Gen 36:6, . The same again, Eze 27:13, . In both these passages and are the words in the Hebrew. are used for carcases, the dead, Num 9:6; Num 19:11, but also for the living, Lev 24:17, especially captives or slaves, Num 31:35; Num 31:40; Num 31:46. In this passage, where merchants are introduced complaining, the bodies are slaves, used for carrying merchandise or their masters: the souls of men are slaves, in so far as they are in themselves counted as merchandise.
[202] AC Vulg. Syr. read . B Memph. h omit it.-E.
[203] Many wrote it . But ABC .-E.
Fuente: Gnomon of the New Testament
cinnamon: 1Ki 10:10, 1Ki 10:15, 1Ki 10:25, 2Ch 9:9, Pro 7:17, Son 1:3, Son 4:13, Son 4:14, Son 5:5, Amo 6:6, Joh 12:3-8
slaves: or, bodies, Exo 21:16, Deu 24:7, Deu 28:68, Neh 5:4, Neh 5:5, Neh 5:8, Isa 50:1, Eze 27:13, Amo 2:6, Amo 8:6, 1Ti 1:10
and souls: By the sale of indulgences, dispensations, absolutions, masses, bulls, etc. 2Pe 2:3
Reciprocal: Gen 36:6 – persons Gen 37:27 – sell him 1Ch 5:21 – men Neh 6:12 – hired him Psa 44:12 – increase Eze 22:25 – they have devoured Joe 3:3 – General Mic 1:7 – for Zec 11:5 – sell 1Th 2:5 – a cloak 1Ti 6:5 – supposing 1Ti 6:10 – the love 2Ti 3:2 – covetous 1Pe 5:2 – not for
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
Rev 18:13. cinnamon: probably not the spice now called by that name but an unguent or cosmetic used as a perfume.chariots: a fashionable kind of equipage much used in Rome by the wealthy classes.souls of men: the Gr. phrase does not refer to what we mean when we use the term soul. It denotes simply the natural life. Lives of men would be the more exact rendering. The writer is alluding to the traffic in human life, whether in the form of slavery or immorality, or the brutal sports of the amphitheatre.
Rev 18:14. And the fruits: lit. and the ripe fruit of the desire of thy soul is gone from thee (Swete) and all thy rich and sumptuous things have perished. Just when the fruit of the labour of many generations seemed ready to fall into the mouth it had vanished like a dream (Swete).
Rev 18:17. The dirge of the shipmasters and mariners follows that of the merchants.
Rev 18:17-19. There are many reminiscences in this passage of the lament over the fall of Tyre in Ezekiel 27.
Fuente: Peake’s Commentary on the Bible
Verse 13
And souls of men; men having souls.